iPhone(2007)

I PHONE ADDS CAPABILITIES TO THE CELL PHONE

Announced in January 2007 and eagerly awaited, the apple iphone could play music, play movies, take photographs, send e mail, Browses the internet and store up to 8 gigabytes of information. It also had Wi-Fi capabilities, calendar, notepad, a calculator operated via a nifty touch screen mechanisms. And it could make a telephone call.

The difference between the iphone and smartphone is that the iphone runs the IOS  operating software or OS where, the operating system in smartphone is blackberry, windows android and Symbian. In 1998 steves jobs break down that what the “i” iMac stands for beside internet .apple prefix is also stood for individual, instruct, inform and inspire since then, the “i” has moved beyond its internet Centric meaning. 

With its large screen, lack of buttons, and sleek appearance, the iphone stood out in design terms alone unlike its competitors, it did not look like a phone. What is more, the touch screen was designed to be operate by a finger, so it was no longer necessary to find the style required by other modes.

However, the iphone did not perform as well as expected, with apple taking only a 5 percent share of the worldwide market. This was in large part due to initial price of $599, later reduced to $399, much to the annoyance of early purchasers.

In July 2008 apple released its new, improve, and cheaper iphone 3G, which could exploit the faster 3G network .as for the inventor of iphone, apple’s CEO Steve jobs heads the author list of the patent, although many apple employees were involved. 

BACKHOE LOADER (1953)

Bamford invents a powerful, versatile piece of construction equipment.
  

The backhoe loader, or JCB was invented by Joseph Cyril Bamford(1916-2001)of Staffordshire, England. In 1945, using only scrap metal, war surplus jeep axles, and cheap welding kit, he produced an hydraulically operated tipping trailer that he later sold for 45 euro ($180 at the time). With the dump truck like tipping trailer crated, Bamford's business grew steadily as he designed and build new machines using hydraulic power. When the backhoe loader was created in 1953, the JCB logo used for the first time, based on its inventor's initials

J.C.Bamford excavators limited universally known as JCB is the multinational corporation which is the world’s third largest construction manufacturing equipment. the machine cost about Rs 20 Lakh

Typical backhoe loader are made up of three component namely a loader, a tractor and  a backhoe the tractor enables the backhoe loader to traverse difficult terrains of all sorts. At the front of tractor, the loader can scoop, smooth and push great quantities of material.

Meanwhile, the back of the tractor sports a backhoe, which is a large maneuver able arm with a deep bucket. The backhoe can dig up material above or below the tractor, lift heavy loads, and in the wrong hand cause serious structural damage. The backhoe and the loader are controlled and powered by complex system of bidirectional hydraulic rams. A diesel engine pumps oil into the backhoe loader's various hydraulic rams to move backhoe and the loader appendages.

JCB Began painting their construction machinery its distinctive yellow and black color in 1951 .the sporty yellow and black backhoe loader is now among the most popular pieces of construction equipment in the world. Since its inception, more than 325,000 JCB backhoe loaders have been sold worldwide

ATOMIC CLOCK(1949)

THE RACE FOE THE PERFECT TIMEKEEPER BEGINS.

         Build by the British in 1955, this atomic clock depends on the vibration of Caesium exposed to radio waves                      
Most type of clocks rely on the oscillation of a solid body, be it a pendulum, balance wheel, or a quartz crystal, but each suffers from the effect of pressure, temperature and gravity . Atom however, vibrates a fixed number of times per second. Both the U.S. national bureau of standard and United Kingdom’s national physic laboratory tried to take advantage of these vibrations. Time measuring devices have also depended on the spin of the Earth, but these suffer from seasonal effect tidal friction.

Sometimes a clock updated by radio signal is called atomic clock which is used in ultraviolet region of electromagnetic spectrum of atoms, electron transition of microwave, optical. The atomic clock is works on the principle of atomic physic; it uses the microwave signal that electron in atoms emit when they change energy level. The accuracy of atomic clock depends on two factors namely temperature

In 1949, the American Build a quartz clock that was synchronized by the 24 GHz vibration of low pressure gaseous ammonium molecule. The British , under the leadership of physicist Louis Essen (1908-1997), used the oscillation of an electric circuit synchronized to the vibration of caesium atoms the first caesium clock begin build in 1955. The Caesium was kept in a tune able microwave cavity and the relied on the fact that there were 9,192,631,770 transitions between two hyperfine ground- state energy levels every second. This number defined the second, as opposed to the old definition of their being 86,400 second in one day. The good atomic clock accurate to one part in 1,014 and therefore would take about 3 million years to lose or gain a second

Four atomic clocks are used in each of the many satellite of the global positioning system and comparisons of electromagnetic wave travel times enable position on the earth to be measured precisely. The clocks are also used by geophysicist to monitor variation in the spin rate earth and the drifting of the continent. 

HOLOGRAPHY(1948)

GABOR CREATES THE THREE DIMENSIONAL IMAGES

Holography, coming from Greek word Holos(whole) and Grage(writing), is a form of photography that allow an image to be record in 3D which is discovered by Hungarian born Dennis Gabor (1900-976) while working for the Thomas Houston company in rugby, England ,its early development was hampered by insufficient light sources.

Gabor’s holography stored 3D images by encoding them within a beam of light, but the mercury arc lamp is used produced variable results .the invention of the laser by a team of Russian and U.S. scientist in 1960 provide pure, intense light that was ideal for creating holograph. The pulse ruby laser emits a very powerful burst of light that lasts a few nanoseconds and effectively freezes movement.

The development of the laser enabled the first experiment in optically storing and retrieving images. The first laser transmission hologram of 3D object, a toy train and the bird, occurred in 1962 .Stephen A. Benton invented white light transmission holograph in 1968, and this form finally enabled mass production Benton technique meant that, when viewed in ordinary “rainbow” image from the seven colors that make up white light

The use of holography in every form is widespread rainbow holograms are used on credit cards, artist such as Salvador Dali employed holography artistically, and holograms also appeared in some of the movies that defined the latter half of the twentieth century.

Holography works on the principle of interference. The holograms capture the interference pattern between two or more beam of coherent light it is used to test different material used in construction. Holographic films are, flexible plastic films which have been micro embossed with a holographic images pattern

STEM CELL THERAPY (1998)

‌THOMAS AND COLLEAGUE ADVANCE A REVOLUTIONARY MEDICAL THERAPHY

Stem cell therapy is the treatment of various disorder by using stem cells it is use to potentially treat more than 80 disorder, including degenerative and neuromuscular disorder hematopoietic disorder like storage disorder, leukemia affect the bone marrow and it is overcome by stem cell from Donor are known to reconstitute the defective bone marrow.

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Stem cells are cells that have the ability to differentiate into a diverse range of cell types, creating the potential for the cell to be used to grow replacement tissues. American development biologist James Thomson from the University of Wisconsin School of medicine, won the race to isolate and culture human embryonic stem cells. On November 6, 1998 the journal science published the results of Thomas's research, describing how he used embryos from clinics (donated by couple who no longer needed them), and developed way to extract stem cell and keep them reproducing indefinitely

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With the ability  to develop into any one of the 220 cells types in the body, stem cell hold great promise for treating a host of debilitating illnesses, including diabetes, leukemia, Parkinson's diseases, and spinal cord injury. They also provide scientists with models of human disease and new way of testing drugs more effectively in human organisms .but for all the hopes invested, progress has been slow .it has not helped that the stem cell research has been steeped in controversy, with different group questioning the ethics of harvesting stem cell from human embryos.

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In 2007 Thomas and Shinya Yamanaka, from Kyoto University, Japan, both groups used just four genes to reprogram human skin cells. Their work is being heralded as an opportunity to overcome problem including the storage of human embryonic stem cell and restriction on U.S. Federal funding for research

‌since 1988, therapy using stem cell, including those from bone marrow and umbilical cords has been successfully used to treat a number of life threatening diseases. It become one of the most exciting area of medicine and in field of medical science

                                                                                            

CABLE TELEVISION(1948)

WALSON INVENTS THE COMMUNITY ANTENNA TELEVISION SYSTEM

                              When cable television arrived in 1948, television sets were still 

                                             expensive;this one incorporates a radio

Nothing brings a community together like the collective glow of its television .in spring of 1948, American john Walson (1914-1993) installed community antenna television, bringing the wonders of the cable television to his customer. During the 1950s television was the primary medium for influencing public opinion

Cable television originated in U.S. simultaneously in Oregon , Pennsylvania  and in Arkansas in 1948 to enhance the reception of over the air television signals in mountainous or geographically remote areas   

Walson and his wife Margaret, owners of the services electric company of Mahanoy city, Pennsylvania, came up with cable television as a way to help their customers pick up signals blocked by nearby mountains. Walson decided to take his service literally to new heights by climbing to the top of a mountain and planning an antenna. Using cable and signal boosters, he connected the antenna to his appliance store. Along the way he dropped the signal directly off at his customer’s home, thus creating the first community antenna television system

Community antenna television, now knows as cable Tv is found 60 percent of U.S. homes and throughout Europe. The first cable system consisted of a large antenna to capture the signal amplifiers arranged throughout the service area. As the signal moved along the cable it weakened forcing the designers to implement amplifiers at regular intervals, but amplification added noise and distortion to the signal and created a potential place for the signal to be completely lost.

Soon thereafter, cable was fortified as more and more channels were added. Microwave transmitters and receivers were used to capture distant signals, giving cable provide more channel choice. The wave for sofa bound channel surfers was the fast approaching tidal proportions.

After the Word War II in united states an improved from of black to white TV broadcasting become popular and Britain , and television sets became common place in institution ,homes , business .

     

ELECTRONIC SYNTHESIZER(1945)

LE CAINE PIONEERS ELECTRONIC MUSIC.

                           

                           Le Caine mounted his prototype electronic Sackbut of 1948 

                                       on crude three legged wooden stand

Music synthesizer is also called electronic sound synthesizer is a machine that electronically modifies and generate sound, with the uses of a computer 

It is hard to imagine how popular music might have evolved without the use of the synthesizer and other such electronic innovations. Although Dr. Robert Moog is a household name for his pioneering efforts in this field, important ground work was done several decades earlier by a Canadian physicist and instrument designer named huge le Caine(1914-977). One of his instruments in particular, the electronics Sackbut, is now widely recognized as being the first controlled synthesizer.

The commercial Moog recording was made by Wendy Carlos in the year of 1968, record switched on Bach, one of the highest selling classical musical recording

 Developed at the University of Toronto, Canada, in 1945, le Caine’s Sackbut featured a piano type keyboard build into an old desk. Until most of the early commercial synthesizer the appeared at the start of the 1970, Le Caine’s instrumental was touch sensitive; the characteristics of the sound altered according to how lightly or forcefully the keyboard was played, giving the Sackbut much the same potential expressiveness as a real acoustic instrument

Two other particularly innovative designs featured also stand out: the use of adjustable wave form to create basic sound, and the use of voltage control to alter certain characteristic of the sound, such as pitch and modulation. Sound quality was also altered electronically by manipulating special filters. Voltage control would be used on most subsequent synthesizer produced until the early 1980s.

Le Caine would revisit the Sackbut in 1971, but although he intended to produce a commercial instrument, the project failed. Despite his public obscurity, Huge le Caine’s instrument had a great deal of influence on the world of electronic music

 It is used in live performance and composition of electronic music