Air car(1979)

Miller develops a compressed air vehicles.

The compressed air car is a compressed air vehicle which uses a motor powered by compressed air.

In 1979, American terry miller showed that it was possible for a car to run on compressed air alone. After developing his air car one, which he build for $1,500 miller patented his method in 1983

Instead of burning fuel to drive piston with hot expanding gas, air cars used the expansion of compressed air to drive the piston. Initially energy is involved in compressing the air, and this is usually done with electricity , but it is still a more environmental friendly process than that of gasoline cars. Many companies are developing air car, though they are yet to be released for the public this is likely to happen in the very near future.

There are few drawbacks that the air cars must overcome before it hits the market big time. When air expands from its compressed state, the engine is cooled and this can be encourage icing. Also, in the event of an accident, the compressed air tanks are liable to explode. However, the air car certainly has advantages over gasoline powered cars and other designs for  the future, not least of which that it 20 percent less than a current car. Without a combustion engine the wear and tear on internal parts is minimal and, with zero harmful emission, the air car is an attractive design for the next step in car manufacturing.

Even with its low maintenance cost, the air car is arguably still the underdog in the race for next generation of car. Fuel cell and hydrogen based models, as well as various hybrid designs, are ahead in the running, but as none of these have hit the commercial market yet, the top design for the future of the car is still to be decided. Air car is one which is finally moved from dream to reality.

Tissue engineering (1987)

Vacanti and longer grow cell tissue.

The uses of combination of cells, suitable biochemical and physicochemical factor, engineering and material method to improve or replace biological tissues is called tissue engineering

Dr. W.T.green, a pediatric orthopedist at children's hospital in Boston, Massachusetts, made one of the first attempts at tissue engineering. He tried to grow cartilage in laboratory mice. Although unsuccessful, his work set the stage for later attempts by suggesting that, once suitable material were invented, cell would grow on configured scaffolds.

Joseph Vacanti, a transplant surgeon, and Robert Langer, an engineered biosynthetic, biodegradable scaffold in 1987. The scaffolds they developed provided access to nutrients as well as waste removal for the growing cells. The final structure can resemble a natural organ.

A famous development was the "auriculosaurus", a mouse with a human shaped ear growing on its back. The " ear" was a biodegradable scaffold seeded with bovine cartilage cells. The mouse was a nude animal specifically bred not to reject foreign protein. The auriculosaurus, filmed, back a BBC video crew, became the image of tissue engineering worldwide

In 1998 a factory workers was presented to the university of Massachusetts medical center after the last bone in his thumb was  ripped off in machinery, leaving just the flesh. Vacanti ground a piece of coral into the shape of the missing bone. The coral was than seeded with bone cells, and eventually implanted. As the coral dissolved, the bone displaced the structure.

These two example were grown inside organisms. Engineered tissue is more commonly grown in bioreactor vessels designed to provide nutrients and remove waste more efficiently that could be done in a petri dish.Regenerative medicine is a board field thet include tissue engineering. it is used to recreate cell and rebuild tissues and organs.

Regenerative medicine is a broad field that includes tissue engineering but also incorporates research on self-healing – where the body uses its own systems, sometimes with help foreign biological material to recreate cells and rebuild tissuesand organs.

JET ENGINE

WHITTLE AND VON OHAIN SPEED UP AIR TRAVEL FOR BOTH THE PUBLIC AND MILITARY.

The turbojet engine is an air breathing jet engine which is usually used in aircraft. it consist of turbine with propelling nozzles. the gas turbine has a compressor, a turbine (which is used to drive the compressor), an inlet, and a combustion chamber.

A jet engine uses a fan to suck air into a cylindrical chamber and the second turbine fan to compress it. Then fuel is mixed with this high pressure air and ignited. The hot expanding burning gases then blast out of a nozzle at the rear if the engine thrusting the engine forward, And the aircraft it is usually attached to, with great force.

The independent co inventor were English aviation engineer Sir frank whittle and the German airplane designer Dr. Han von Ohain  (1911-1998). Ohain's engine was tested in the Heinkel He178, flying first in 27 August , 1939. Whittle's first engine, the whittle unit (WU), was completed in 1937 and subsequently fitted to an aircraft called the pioneer (E.28/39), build by the gloster aircraft company. The first flight was on May 15, 1941.

World war II saw swift development of the jet engine and airplane. In united states bell XP-59 flew in September 1942, and by 1944 both the Messerschmitt Me 262 and the Gloster meteor were being mass production. Jet to jet dogfight were taking place during the Korean war in 1950. By 1952 BOAC were using the de Havilland comet jetliner on their London to johannesburg route

Jet engine work most effectively at altitude of between 6 and 9 miles (10 to 15 km). Here modern aircraft have cruising speed of between 420 and 580 miles (680 and 900) per hour, this being about 80 percent the ambient speed and sound. Propeller powered aircraft have to fly at much altitude and fly much more slowly. Also propeller engine are much more costly to manufacture and maintain.

The compressor component are made from titanium and the combuster component are made of a nickel super alloy such as Inconel 625

Turbopro engine(1937)

JENDRASSIK DESIGNS SUITABLE ENGINES FOR SLOWER MOVING AIRCRAFT.

Turboprop engine is used to drive the aircraft propeller. there are two main parts of a tuebopro propulsion system, the core engine and the propeller.

In 1937, Hungarian engineer Gyorgy Jendrassik(1898-1954), designed and constructed a small turboprop engine. A year later he completed the larger "CS-1" engine, intending to use it on military bomber, the RMI-1 . unfortunately ,the CS-1 ran into combustion problems, keeping it from reaching its projected 1,000 horse power. The RMI was annihilated in an air raid by the united states.

In spite of its turbulent birth the turboprop engine enjoyed subsequent success . it is primarily distinguished by its namesake, the turbine driven propeller at the front. Whereas turbojet and turbofan engine generate thrust only at their rears, the trust of the turboprop engine is generated mostly by the propeller.

The turboprop engine produce motion like any gas turbine engine. Air enters the engine and is compressed by a spinning, blade covered cone called an axial compressor. Axial compressor pulls the air into a progressively smaller tube until it reaches a combustion area, where fuel injector combine fuel and high pressure air to create a powerful explosion that pushes exhaust leaves, it spins a turbine that rapidly rotates a drive shaft. The rotating drive shaft is then used to spin a gearbox, which in turn power the planes propeller.

Turboprop engine are most efficient at speeds below 500 miles(800 km) per hour and so are usually used in smaller, slower moving aircraft that land and take off frequently. In order to increase efficiency at higher speeds, many modern turboprop engine now use smaller and more numerous 

blades.

for short distance the turboprop are more fuel efficient then jets. on the longer flight the jet engine win the race

Ballistic missile(1938)

DORNBERGER INITIATES NAZI GERMANY'S ROCKET PROGRAM.

Missile are self guided munitions that travel through the air or other space to their targets.a intercontinental ballistic missile can travel a substantial around the earth to its target. the ballistic missile travels along suborbital trajectory.

The history of rocketry dates back to around 900 but the use of rockets as highly destructive missiles able to carry large payloads of explosives was not feasible until the late 1930 . war has been the catalyst for many invention, both benevolent and destructive. The ballistic missile is intriguing because it can be both of these things it has made possible some of the greatest deeds mankind has ever achieved, and also some of the worst.

German Walter Dornberger (1895-1980) and his team began devolving rockets in 1938, but it was not until 1944 that the first ballistic missile, the Aggregat-4 or V-2 rockets, was ready for use. V-2 were used extensively by the Nazis at the end if world war II, primarily as a terror weapon against  civilian target. They were powerful and imposing 46 feet (14 m) long, able to reach speeds of around 3,500 miles per hour (5,600 kph) and deliver a warhead of around 2,200 pounds (1,000 kg) at a range of 200 miles (320 kg)

Ballistic missile follow a ballistic flight path, determined by the brief internal powered phase of the missiles flight. This is unlike guided missiles, such as cruise missiles, which are essentially unmanned airplane packed with explosives. This meant that the early V-2 s flew inaccurately, so they were of most use in attacking large, city sized targets such as London, Paris, and Antwerp.

The Nazi ballistic missile program has had both a great and a terrible legacy. Ballistic missile such as the V-2 were scaled up to produce intercontinental ballistic missile with a verity of warheads, but also the craft that have carried people into space. Ballistic May have led us to the point of self destruction, but without them man would have never been able to venture beyond our atmosphere.

An intercontinental ballistic missile is a guided ballistic missile that a minimum range of 5,500 km (3,400 mi) primarily designed for nuclear weapon delivery  

WALKIE-TALKIE (1938)

GROSS INTRODUCE THE HAND HELD TWO WAY RADIO.

A walkie talkie is a small portable radio through we can talk into and hear messages 

Walkie-talkie are the portable tow way radios that paved the way for mobile phones by showing the public the joy of talking to faraway people while walking around. In the world war II they allowed troops to communicate and, since then, the police, the coast guards, and even children playing games have used to relay information.

Their exact origins are rather hazy, though. Once radios had been invented, the next big thing was making them smaller and more portable and there is much disagreement over exactly when a two way radio became Walkie-talkie

In 1937 a man called Din Hings, born in England and raised in Canada, build a waterproof two way field radio. This radio weighed almost 12 pounds (5.5 kg) and was about the size of a toaster, but was definitely portable enough to count. Things radio was build for air crashes, so that survivor could guide in rescuers by transmitting to the manufacturer or the Canadian signal corps. Before this radio, most were portable only if someone carried it while another used it but hings could be carried and operated by one person.

Engineer Alfred j gross (1918-2000) made his own lighter, smaller version in 1938 while a still a teenager. His designs caught the attention of the U.S office of strategic services (now the CIA), who recruited him to design their radios. Gross's designs went on to play a large role in world war II and soon entered civilian use.

It was gross designs of wrist radio that found their way into Chester Gould's sick Tracy comics, but it was walkie talkies in general that have led to many development since.

a walkie talkie is a combined transmitter and receiver that is very light enough to carried by a person it is used in world war II. The main draw back of walkie talkie is that same frequency channel used for both the thing so only one person can talk at a time

DIGITAL CAMERA(1975)

SASSON ELIMINATES THE NEED FOR PHOTOGRAPHIC FILMS.

The camera which produce a digital image which can be stored in computer and display on screen.

They are so commonplace today that many people even added them to digital watches.
Digital cameras are now taken for granted, but it was only in 1975 that the first prototype was produced.

Steve Sasson had recently graduated in electrical engineering before taking a job with Kodak. His assignment was a broad one: was it possible to make a camera using solid state electronic? Starting from scratch, he gathered together various piece of electronic equipment including movie camera lens, an analog to digital converter, and, most importantly, charge coupled devices(CCDs).

By December 1975 Sassons rough prototype was ready for initial testing. Weighing in at 8 pounds(3.6 kg) and size of a toaster, camera was hardly portable, but Sasson convinced a lab assistant to pose for a test shot. It took twenty three seconds for the images to be recorded onto a cassette and then an additional twenty three seconds to be read from the tape before appearing on a television screen.

Over the next year, Sasson and his colleagues presented his invention to Kodak officials. The response, however, was often less than encouraging. The employees of a company best known for making camera film were understandably perplexed at the notion of a camera that required no film. Why would anyone want to view their photos on a television? How could you store these digital image? Ultimately, the rapid increase in computer capabilities would solve these issue, but it was still many years before digital camera started to replace traditional film

digital camera stores pictures stores in a electronic memory instead of film.it use a image sensor instead of photographic film.the digital camera hold more pictures than traditional camera. the digital camera can sometimes hold hundred and thousands of images