ARTIFICIAL LIVER(2001)

Matsumura invents a potential lifesaver for paatient with acute liver failure.

the cell based therapies for the treatment of patient with liver failure and metabolic liver disease was developed by the artificial liver and liver transplantation laboratory of Scott L. Nyberg. Dr. Nyberg is a biomedical engineer and a uniquely trained as a liver transplant surgeon.

People become quite exited about artificial hearts. But, when you think about it , the heart is basically a pump, the same kind of pump that people have been using for thousands of years. Described in this terms, it does not sound quite so advanced. By contrast, an artificial liver is a complex achievement.

Far from the one trick pony that the heart is ,the human liver has to undertake many tasks simultaneously. Among other function, it help to break down food into unable substances, detoxifies harmful chemicals, store energy in form of substance from glycogen, and manufactures any number of substance from bile to the proteins that make cuts stop bleeding. But how do you combine all those different function into artificial liver?

Numerous way have been tried to treat liver failure, from replacing the entire blood volume in a person's body with new blood to hemodialysis. All have met with little success. However, in 2001, Dr. Kenneth Matsumura and his team were among the first to produce functioning artificial livers. Matsumura and his team decided the best way to approach the problem was to take living liver cell and place them in sequence with a series of charcoal filters. The resulting device performed most of the activity that a normal liver would carry out because it was partially made of normal liver cell. It is mostly used as a bridge until a new liver is available for transplant rather than as a full replacement, but further result are promising.

British scientists have since created the first artificial liver tissue from stem cell,. In time it is hoped that it will provide whole organ for transplant. the artificial organ is a man made device that is integrated or implanted into a human interfacing with living tissue to replace the organ for the purpose of augmenting or duplicating a specific function or a group of related function so patient may return to a normal life as soon as possible. 

LASER CATARACT SURGERY(1988)

Bath devises a laser instruments to facilitates lens removal from the eye.

The removal of natural lens of the eye (also called "crystalline lens") that has developed on opacification, which refers to as a cataract is called cataract surgery. With low complication rate well over 90% of operation are successful in restoring useful vision. 

In nearly all circumstances, pointing a laser at your eye is a bad thing, but if you have cataracts it may just restore you sight. cataracts are a leading cause of blindness. The disorder occurs when the part of the eye that focuses light known, not surprisingly, as the lens turns cloudy, this is a process that occurs in almost all of us if we live long enough. Unfortunately, current there is no viable way to make a cloudy lens transparent again, and so ophthalmologists are forced to resort to other means to all alleviate the problem.

The current method of dealing with a cataract is to remove the lens of the eyes. One problem is taking out the lens in its entirety requires a rather large incision into the eye in order to remove it. Ophthalmologist have long felt that it was more appropriate to find a method to break up the lens, which allow them to remove it through a smaller incision. This process, known as emulsification of the lens, was at one time done simply by grinding up the lens, but this method was subsequently replaced by a tool that transmits ultrasonic waves and uses sound energy to break up the lens. The resulting fragments are then vacuum extracted from eye.

All this may change with a tool invented by Dr. Patricia Bath .Dr. Bath postulated that lasers could be used to emulsify the lens of the eye as well, and she developed a model for a laser instrument to be used in removing cataracts. She received a patent for his invention in 1988. After much trial and error it turns out that Dr. Bath is correct, and her system may yet benefit cataract patients everywhere.

The sign of complication following cataract surgery are decreasing vision, increasing pain, increasing redness, swelling around the eye, discharge from the eye, new floaters, flashes of light, or changes in your field of vision.

CAMCORDER(1983)

SONY RELEASES THE FIRST HAND HELD VIDEO RECORDER.

The electronic device originally combining a video camera and video cassette recorder is called camcorder. camcorder also known as video camera or video recorder which become popular in early 1980's. the earliest camcorder were tape based recording analog signal onto video onto video cassette. 

   

Today mobile video recording technology must fit into palm of the hand, or be integrated into the back of a mobile phone, before anyone would consider paying any money for it. But before the camcorder was invented, anyone waiting to capture moving footage on film had to use an incredibly unwieldy two part machine. Worst still, the camera itself was all that one person could reasonably carry, so a partner had to be persuaded to carry the video cassette recorder(VCR) alongside.

The older equipment also had no playback screen, so whenever it was necessary to watch recently recorded material, a television screen had to be available nearby in which to plug the VCR

The cumbersome equipment was troublesome , particularly for broadcast journalists, student, movie maker and other working in the field. However, advance in technology and design meant that soon various pioneers of video recording equipment were shrinking down the basic component parts and creating a one piece camera/recorder combination what is now known as the camcorder.

The first commercially available camcorder was designed by Sony in Japan . making use of Betamax video, technology , the beta movie model was unleashed upon the general public in May 1983. Even then there were no playback functions on the camera, and anyone wanting to watch or rewind a section of footage still had to eject the tape and insert it into a home Betamax player and watch it on a separate television screen. Really, though , the roving reports  lot had improved immeasurably.

A camcorder is a portable electronic recording device used for recording live motion video and audio for later playback

LAPTOP/NOTEBOOK COMPUTER(1983)

COMPAQ RELEASES THE FIRST COMMERCIALLY SUCCESSFUL LAPTOP

Portable and compact personal computer with the same capability of desktop computer is called laptop. Today's laptop computer has evolved over decades from different type of portable computers , but the Compaq was the most successful early model. the laptop often called "notebook" or "notebook computer"

Alan Kay of the xerox corporation proposed the Dynabook concept in 1971. His idea was to create a portable, networked personal computer. However, at the time there was no market for it so the idea was shelved. In 1981 Alan Osborne of the Osborne computer corporation invented the Osborne 1, the first fully portable computer. The size of a small suitcase , it weighted about 24 pounds (11 kg)

The first clamshell design was the GRiD compass 1101, invented by bill Moggride and released what is considered to be the first true "laptop" computer in 1983; it was the smallest and lightest portable computer to date.

However, it was Compaq computer corporation that stole the market from these rivals in 1983, with the Compaq portable. Rod Canion, Jim Harris, and bill Murti founded Compaq in 1982 after leaving Texas instruments. The idea for the Compaq portable was supposedly sketched out on a placement from a Houston pie shop. The computer was "reverse engineered" using IBM BIOS source code to create a new version of a system that operated like IBM's. This was important considering IBM's huge success in the computer market during this time.

Compaq enjoyed record breaking revenue in 1983, the year it first released the portable. Following the model's  success in the market , laptops have evolved even further, developing into the smaller and faster models of today. The standard laptop combines the input, output, component, and capability of the desktop computer including the display screen, a keyboard, small speaker, hard disk drive, optical disc drive pointing devices (such as touchpad or trackpad ), a processor, and memory into a single unit.  

Reusable spacecraft(1981)

NASA DEPLOYS THE FIRST SPACE SHUTTLE , DESIGNED TO MAKE MULTIPLE TRIPS FROM EARTH.

The worlds first reusable spacecraft was NASA's space shuttle which is designed like a rocket and return to earth like a glider. it was used to carry large payloads like satellites into orbit and bring back for repair, if necessary.

  

Booster rockets such as the Saturn V that launched the Apollo astronauts towards the moon are extremely wasteful. They can fly only once, part are thrown away after use, and 97 percent of the mass is consumed in the first few minutes . clearly, what  was really needed for advanced and economic space exploitation was a spacecraft that could take off and return, to be reused time after time.

In 1972 NASA in the united states decided to build the space shuttle. Rocket were to be used to assist the launch. Crew facilities were to be provided for up to eight people, and the huge cargo bay would be used to take satellites and sections of the international space station (ISS) into orbit out.

The space shuttle would glide back to earth through the atmosphere, the nosecap and under wing tiles reaching temperature of 2,600°F (1,430°c) as it came in. The craft would then land on a normal runway. Columbia, the first shuttle, blasted off on April 12, 1981. Challenger, discovery, Atlantis and endeavor followed. Everything went fine until the twenty fifth flight, in January 1986. One of the solid rockets boosters blew up, leading to the death of the challenger crew.

The Russian shuttle, Buran, had a test flight in 1988 but was soon abandoned. In January 2003 the U.S. craft Columbia broke up during re entry. After a hiatus of two and a half years, the U.S.launches were restarted. Six were planned for 2008, in an attempt to finish the construction of the ISS.

No U.S. space shuttle launches are scheduled beyond 2010. Even through discovery has made thirty trips, the cost and the long turnaround time have never been satisfactory. The another reusable launch system that has been proposed is called combination launch system.

Musical instrument digital interface(1981)

Smith suggest a common language for all electronic musical instrument.

The is a protocol designed for recording and playing back music on digital synthesizer that is supported by many makes of personal sound cards is called MIDI. It was quickly adopted for the personal computer and originally intended to control one keyboard from another. During the early 1970, sounds generated by the electronic synthesizer become increasingly popular in recordings and at rock concerts. Gradually, these once prohibitively expensive musical instruments become common place and affordable. In addition to a great variety of user friendly electronic keyboard on offer, there were related devices, such as sequencers that could trigger sounds from a connected keyboards, as well as drum machines with a variety of sounds.

One problem that arose with this electronic proliferation was that devices produced by different manufactures tended not to be  compatible with each other. American audio engineer Dave smith sought a way forward when, at a 1981 meeting of the audio engineering society ,he presented the universal communication standard for musical equipment. He called MIDI an acronym musical instrument digital interface. In essence, MIDI is a digital language that enables synthesizers, MIDI recorder( whether hardware sequences or computer based software ), drum machine, and other similarly equipped device to talk to one another by sending and receiving message via interconnecting MIDI cables. The simplest use of MIDI would be two synthesizer connected in such as a way to enable the sound if both instruments to be played and controlled from just one of the keyboard.

Smith's paper was immediately adopted by manufacturer. Indeed, it would be  no exaggeration to suggest that without MIDI most of the programmed and sampled electronic music of the past twenty five year simply could not have been made. Devices with extra futures including instrumental selection transport control and also including rhythm input are sometimes called keyboard controllers. 

Personal computer modem(1981)

Hayes simplifies the link between computer and the telephone system.

The devices which act as a automatic translator, altering the digitally stored information of a computer to analog tones transmittable over phone lines and, in parallel fashion, the incoming telephonic information to digital pulse for the computer is called modem. 

The first modems date back to the cold war and 1958, when the North American defense transmitted data over telephone wires to hundreds of radar station in the united states and in Canada . a modem has one essential function, which is to transfer the digital languages of computer into the analog language of the telephonic system and back again.

In 1981 Dennis Hayes launched the smart modem (originally named the Hayes stack smart modem). This was an automatic modem that for a time led the rapidly emerging personal computer market . earlier modems were not adaptable to a variety of computers, were expensive to produce, and variety of computer, were expensive to produce, and also were cumbersome to operate, requiring manual connection to telephone lines.

The brilliance of the smart modem lay in its ability to "think for itself" and programs inself into the telephone network . it did this by using its own data language to instruct itself to engage and disengage with other computers phone line according to the requirement of it's own operator. It also opened the way to cheaper and smaller design because, needing only data instructions from it's host computer it could be connected up to any computer by an easily accessible port.

By 1985 Hayes's company held nearly half the personal computer market and the them "Hayes compatible " had entered the language of computer as a benchmark against which to measure rival modems. The term was used to describe any modem that could claim to recognize the command sequence devised for Hayes smart modem.

The difference between the router and the modem is that the router is a small box that allow multiple computer to join the same network, whereas modem is the device that provide access to the internet